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Deuterium
If a very large quantity (100 gallons) or ordinary water is electrolysed until it is nearly all converted into hydrogen and oxygen, the residual 1 ml. of water if found to have a density of 1.107 g/cm3 and a b.p. of 101.4˚C. this is heavy water, consisting mainly of deuterium oxide, D2O, Deuterium, D is the isotope of hydrogen of atomic mass 2; ordinary hydrogen, elemental or combined, contains about 1 part in 6000 of deuterium. The nucleus of the deuterium atom contains one proton and one neutron; it is called the deuteron.
Deuterium resembles hydrogen in those properties which are determined by the electronic configuration, i.e. most chemical properties, but differs somewhat from it in properties which depend upon mass, e.g. rate of diffusion.
One atom in every 1018 atoms of ordinary hydrogen is thought to be that of another isotope tritium T, of atomic mass 3. Tritium can be made artificially by bombardment of deuterium by deuterons.
Uses of hydrogen
Large amounts of hydrogen are used in the synthesis of ammonia and the synthesis of methyl alcohol from carbon monoxide. Another important use is the hydrogenation or ‘hardening of vegetable fats and oils to give edible fats such as margarine. In the last case, finely-divided nickel is used as the catalyst; the nickel is prepared by the reduction of nickel oxide in hydrogen or by treatment of a nickel-aluminium alloy with sodium hydroxide (‘Raney nickel’). Hydrogen is also used to prepare metals such as molybdenum and tungsten by reduction of their oxides. Liquid hydrogen is now used to detect high energy nuclear particles in a ‘bubble chamber’, analogous to the Wilson cloud chamber.
Ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen
At ordinary temperatures, hydrogen is a mixture of two forms or allotropes; 75 percent is ortho-hydrogen, in which the two nuclei (protons) of every molecule are spinning in the same direction, and 25 percent is para-hydrogen, in which the nuclei are spinning in the opposite directions. By cooling in liquid air, in the presence of activated charcoal, all the hydrogen is converted into the para-state; the 3:1 mixture is obtained again if the para-hydrogen is brought into the contact with a metallic catalyst or is heated. The mixture (i.e. ordinary hydrogen) and pure para-hydrogen have similar chemical properties but have different specific heats and thermal conductivities; the latter property is used to measure the amount of para-hydrogen present in sample of hydrogen.
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Deuterium resembles hydrogen in those properties which are determined by the electronic configuration, i.e. most chemical properties, but differs somewhat from it in properties which depend upon mass, e.g. rate of diffusion.
One atom in every 1018 atoms of ordinary hydrogen is thought to be that of another isotope tritium T, of atomic mass 3. Tritium can be made artificially by bombardment of deuterium by deuterons.
Uses of hydrogen
Large amounts of hydrogen are used in the synthesis of ammonia and the synthesis of methyl alcohol from carbon monoxide. Another important use is the hydrogenation or ‘hardening of vegetable fats and oils to give edible fats such as margarine. In the last case, finely-divided nickel is used as the catalyst; the nickel is prepared by the reduction of nickel oxide in hydrogen or by treatment of a nickel-aluminium alloy with sodium hydroxide (‘Raney nickel’). Hydrogen is also used to prepare metals such as molybdenum and tungsten by reduction of their oxides. Liquid hydrogen is now used to detect high energy nuclear particles in a ‘bubble chamber’, analogous to the Wilson cloud chamber.
Ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen
At ordinary temperatures, hydrogen is a mixture of two forms or allotropes; 75 percent is ortho-hydrogen, in which the two nuclei (protons) of every molecule are spinning in the same direction, and 25 percent is para-hydrogen, in which the nuclei are spinning in the opposite directions. By cooling in liquid air, in the presence of activated charcoal, all the hydrogen is converted into the para-state; the 3:1 mixture is obtained again if the para-hydrogen is brought into the contact with a metallic catalyst or is heated. The mixture (i.e. ordinary hydrogen) and pure para-hydrogen have similar chemical properties but have different specific heats and thermal conductivities; the latter property is used to measure the amount of para-hydrogen present in sample of hydrogen.
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