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Atomic Molecular Energies
The main aspect of this particular of Physical Chemistry is to explain the kinetic-molecular theory of gases which provides a great deal of information about the nature and behavior of gases. This information results, so to speak, from an external view of the molecules. They are treated as structureless, spherical particles. Much of the physical chemistry with which we dealt here requires a more detailed treatment of the molecules, atoms, or ions.
Any attempt to learn about the internal structure and properties of individual molecules might seem to be too bold an undertaking. We begin by setting aside worries about the small size of molecules. Molecules will be treated as ordinary, but little, things. They do, however, exhibit behavior that is quite outside our ordinary experience. We must treat these molecular world practices by the methods of quantum, or wave mechanics.
Here you are introduced to the methods that are used and the results that are obtained when quantum mechanics is applied to the study of gas molecules. This will lead you to a new way of thinking about these molecules. You will take an important step into the molecular world as you extend and refine the billiard-ball view of molecules that the simple kinetic-molecular theory encourages.
A molecule is a collection of atoms held in a particular spartial arrangement by chemical bonds. For many purposes you can think of a molecule as a ball-and spring system, with each atom being represented by a ball and each chemical bond by a spring. How do we describe the energy of such a system? Think of having an actual ball-and spring system to toss around. You would likely describe the energy of the system in terms of three types of motion: Translation, consisting of the motion of the molecular center of the mass of the system, rotation, consisting of the motions in which the system turns about one or more of the axes through the center of mass of the system, vibration, in which the balls of the system oscillate about the “equilibrium” positions that correspond to the shape or structure of the system. The analysis basis for treating these different types of motion can be seen by describing the motion of a diametric molecule of a gas. Here we describe the potential and kinetic energy components of a freely moving gas phase molecule treated as if it were a ball and spring system.
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Any attempt to learn about the internal structure and properties of individual molecules might seem to be too bold an undertaking. We begin by setting aside worries about the small size of molecules. Molecules will be treated as ordinary, but little, things. They do, however, exhibit behavior that is quite outside our ordinary experience. We must treat these molecular world practices by the methods of quantum, or wave mechanics.
Here you are introduced to the methods that are used and the results that are obtained when quantum mechanics is applied to the study of gas molecules. This will lead you to a new way of thinking about these molecules. You will take an important step into the molecular world as you extend and refine the billiard-ball view of molecules that the simple kinetic-molecular theory encourages.
A molecule is a collection of atoms held in a particular spartial arrangement by chemical bonds. For many purposes you can think of a molecule as a ball-and spring system, with each atom being represented by a ball and each chemical bond by a spring. How do we describe the energy of such a system? Think of having an actual ball-and spring system to toss around. You would likely describe the energy of the system in terms of three types of motion: Translation, consisting of the motion of the molecular center of the mass of the system, rotation, consisting of the motions in which the system turns about one or more of the axes through the center of mass of the system, vibration, in which the balls of the system oscillate about the “equilibrium” positions that correspond to the shape or structure of the system. The analysis basis for treating these different types of motion can be seen by describing the motion of a diametric molecule of a gas. Here we describe the potential and kinetic energy components of a freely moving gas phase molecule treated as if it were a ball and spring system.
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Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistsry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Physical Chemistry
Topics
Covalent Radii
Crystal Shapes, Point Groups
Diffraction Pattern Assignments
Electron Diffraction
Ionic Radii
Lattice Energies
Diffraction
Lattices, Unit Cells
Neutron Diffraction
Waals Radii
X-ray Diffraction
Bond Moments
Electric Capacitor
Atoms, Molecules Properties
Paramagnetism
Electrolytic Dissociation
Solution Ionic Strength
Solvent Dielectric Effect
Electrolysis
Solutions Ionic Mobilities
Electrolytes In Solutions
Solutions Molar Conductance
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Electrochemical Cell EMF
Electrodes
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Junction Potentials
Cells Electromotive Force
Standard Electrode Potentials
Collision Theory
Gas Viscosity Theory
Elementary Reactions
Lasers
Molecule-Molecule Collisions
Electrochemical Cell
Photochemical Quenching
Surface Decompositions
Atomic Molecular Energies
Molecular Energies
Particle-in-a-box
Particle-on-a-line
Rotational Energies
Schrodinger Wave Equation
De Broglie Wave Length
Vibrational Energies
Waves And Particles
Boltzmann Distribution
Gas Heat Capacities
Metals Heat Capacities
Molecules Collection Energies
One Dimensional Motion
Partition Function
Rotational Motions
Thermal Energy
Three Dimensional Motion
Vibrational Motions
Aqueous Ion Energies
Bond Energies
Chemical Systems Energy
Enthalpy, Chemical Reactions
Chemical System Enthalpy
Thermodynamics First Law
Heat Capacities
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Molecular Thermal Energy
Standard Enthalpy Substance
Carnot Cycle
Absolute Zero Entropies
Entropy
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Third Law Molecular Basis
Rotational Energy
Thermodynamics Second Law
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Free Energy Equilibrium Constant
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Molecular Energies, Speed
Molecular Interactions
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Virial Equation
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Donnan Membrane Equilibria
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Virial Theorem
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Ideal Mixtures
Solution Thermodynamic Property
Liquid Vapour Free Energies
Osmotic Pressure
Partial Molal Quantities
Solvent Free Energy
Vapour Pressure Lowering




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