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Diffraction
The main objective of this particular aspect of Physical Chemistry is to understand the theory of diffraction by relatively simple molecules that can be well treated spectroscopically; much of our information about the angles and distances within and between molecules comes from diffraction experiments. Diffraction occurs when beams of various types are scattered by gaseous or crystalline samples. The experimental methods studied here depend on the constructive and destructive interference that occurs when an x-ray beam, a neutron beam, or an electron beam is scattered by a sample. Some features of the analyses are common to all diffraction experiments. The different types of beams and the different states of the sample, however, lead to appreciable differences in the way the data are analyzed.

Scattering by crystalline materials will be studied first. Most such work has made use of a beam of x-rays, but neutron diffraction is of increasing importance. Bond lengths and angles for the molecules or ions of the crystals are obtained. How these units pack together is also a product of the analysis. In the analysis of diffractions by crystals, consideration of the ordered array of atoms or ions is basic to an understanding of the results. The study of diffraction by crystals is therefore preceded by treatments of the classification of crystals is of ordered arrays of points, molecules or ions, and the ways in which these ordered arrangements can be described.

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Topics
Covalent Radii Crystal Shapes, Point Groups Diffraction Pattern Assignments Electron Diffraction Ionic Radii Lattice Energies Diffraction Lattices, Unit Cells Neutron Diffraction Waals Radii X-ray Diffraction Bond Moments Electric Capacitor Atoms, Molecules Properties Paramagnetism Electrolytic Dissociation Solution Ionic Strength Solvent Dielectric Effect Electrolysis Solutions Ionic Mobilities Electrolytes In Solutions Solutions Molar Conductance Solutions Specific Conductance Electrochemical Cell EMF Electrodes Ion Selective Electrodes Junction Potentials Cells Electromotive Force Standard Electrode Potentials Collision Theory Gas Viscosity Theory Elementary Reactions Lasers Molecule-Molecule Collisions Electrochemical Cell Photochemical Quenching Surface Decompositions Atomic Molecular Energies Molecular Energies Particle-in-a-box Particle-on-a-line Rotational Energies Schrodinger Wave Equation De Broglie Wave Length Vibrational Energies Waves And Particles Boltzmann Distribution Gas Heat Capacities Metals Heat Capacities Molecules Collection Energies One Dimensional Motion Partition Function Rotational Motions Thermal Energy Three Dimensional Motion Vibrational Motions Aqueous Ion Energies Bond Energies Chemical Systems Energy Enthalpy, Chemical Reactions Chemical System Enthalpy Thermodynamics First Law Heat Capacities Thermodynamics Molecular Thermal Energy Standard Enthalpy Substance Carnot Cycle Absolute Zero Entropies Entropy Thermodynamics Laws Entropy Molecular Basis Third Law Molecular Basis Rotational Energy Thermodynamics Second Law Thermodynamics Third Law Vapourization Entropy Vibrational Entropy Equilibria And Distributions Real Gases Equilibria Free Energy Equilibrium Constant Free Energy And Pressure Free Energy, Temperature Free Energy Function Free Energy Real Gases Free Energy Fugacity Non-ideal Gases Fugacity Thermodynamic Properties Chemical Equilibria Boyle Gas Pressure Continuity Of States Critical Point Gas Mixtures Kinetic Molecular Theory Gases-Properties, Theories Molecular Energies, Speed Molecular Interactions Real Gas PVT Temperature Volume Waals Gases Behaviour Waals Critical Point Molecular Diameters Virial Equation Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Molecular View Donnan Membrane Equilibria Electrophoresis Macromolecular Dynamics Average Mass Range Solution Viscosity Sedimentation And Velocity Colloids Macromolecules Micelles Adsorption Isotherm Adsorption Of Gases Boiling Point Diagrams Pressure Temperature Relation Distillation Eutectic Formation Immiscible Liquids Phase Equilibria Liquid Surfaces Phase Rule Pressure Phase Diagrams Solid Compound Foundation Surface Tension Vapour Pressure Three Component System Vapour Pressure Composition Atomic States Bohr Atom Electron Spin Angular Momentum Hydrogen Hydrogen Atom Spectra Hydrogen Radical Factor Quantum Atomic Structure Quantum Mechanical Operators Variation Theorem Enzymes Catalyzed Reactions First Order Rate Equations Flash Photolysis Chemical Reactions Mechanism Enzyme Reactions Mechanism Reactions Mechanisms Photochemical Reactions Rate Equation Second Order Rate Equations Temperatures And Rates Unimolecular Gas Reactions Absorption Coefficient Einstein Coefficient Electromagnetic Induction Electronic Spectra Electron Spin Spectroscopy Infrared Adsorption Spectroscopy Microwave Absorption Nuclear Spin States Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Photoelectron Spectroscopy Polyatomic Vibrational Spectra Rotational Vibrational Spectra Conjugated Systems Spectra Transition Moment Character Tables Symmetry Group Theory Molecular Symmetry Types Orbital Symmetries Point Groups Reducible Representation Symmetry Elements, Operations Molecular Properties Symmetry Transformation Matrices Diatomic Molecule Orbitals Electronegativity Hybridization Hydrogen Molecule Ion Ionic Bond Molecular Orbitals Orbitals Pie Electrons Two Electron Bond Virial Theorem Partial Molal Properties Solute Free Energy Ideal Mixtures Solution Thermodynamic Property Liquid Vapour Free Energies Osmotic Pressure Partial Molal Quantities Solvent Free Energy Vapour Pressure Lowering