The average alone cannot adequately describe a set of observations, unless all the observations are the same. It is necessary to describe the variability or dispersion of the observations. In two or more distributions the central value may be the same but still there can be wide disparities in the formation of distribution. Measures of dispersion help us in studying this important characteristic of a distribution.

The dispersion can be defined as:

Dispersion is the measure of the variation of the items. The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the variation or dispersion of the data. Dispersion or spread is the degree of the scatter or variation of the variable about a central value. The measurement of the scatteredness of the mass of figures in a series about an average is called measure of variation or disperses. It is clear from above that dispersion also known as scatter, spread or variation) measures the extent to which the items vary from some central value. Since measures of dispersion give average of the differences of various items from an average, they are also called averages of the second order.

An average is more meaningful when it is examined in the light of dispersion. For example, if the average wage of the workers of factory A is $ 3855 and that of factory B $ 3990, we cannot necessarily conclude that the workers of factory B are of better off because in factory B there may be much greater dispersion in the distribution of wages.

Some of its main topics are:

1. Studying variation-methods
2. Variation significance
3. Mean deviation
4. Mean deviation calculation
5. Arithmetic mean calculation
6. Standard deviation
7. Standard deviation-properties
8. Standard deviation-discrete series
9. Standard deviation-continuous series
10. Variation coefficient
11. Lorenz curve
12. Quartile deviation
13. Tchebycheff's theorem

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